Essay --

a) Economic: KFC Holdings (Malaysia) Bhd is currently the market leader in the fast-food industry of Malaysia. The company has developed a rigorous marketing strategy and marketing plan to retain its market share. Company has developed a marketing strategy and marketing plan to maintain the tight market. One of them is via development of products. Therefore, the effectiveness of this strategy is the long awaited for stakeholders. The latest world economic recession had also struck Malaysia inevitably. To sustain their performance, KFC has launched strategies to cope with the economic slowdown. They launch one new product every quarter with hope that KFC will achieve double-digit growth in the future. The current economic growth allowed for other form of food related business to bloom Newer blooming franchises such as Kopitiam, Oldtown and others offer heavy competition to KFC thus in order to stay in line they came up with strategy that includes reduced price of the food during certain hour of the day. The breakfast value meal sets, the lunch sets and dinner set. Thus by selling the products for a cheaper price during specific time where working adults usually go out to eat, they managed to gain customers and increase sales while the losses due to reduce price are mitigated with more purchase, resulting a net profit. Hence, by applying economic principle concerning demand and sales, they are able to offer the same quality of meal for a lesser price for the enjoyment of the community. b) Technology: Look in to the marketing strategy, KFC advertising itself Online and providing directories online of the nearest outlets and having a webpage dedicated to showing of its current promotions serves as an important aspects to ... ...s. KFC KLCC audited and certified by the competent certification body since 2005. All established Critical Control Point (CCPS) is now included in the Daily Operations Checklist which is used by all the KFC restaurants in the country. Quality control starts from supplies all raw materials. KFC conduct annual supplier audits, Audit STAR which is a proprietary program by YUM, similar in many ways to approach ISO. STAR Audit consists of two versions its the Food Safety and Quality System Audit. Either STAR Audit conducted by an international audit firm appointed third party YUM or from their own team of professional food technology from the Department of Quality Assurance KFC. KFC chicken supplier Ayamas is monitored closely by Department of Veterinary Service and has obtained the VHM (Veterinary Health Mark) Logo. It is also an ISO 9001 certified company.

Crime: Fraud and Overall White Collar Essay

â€Å"Criminal phenomenon† is known as white collar crime. White collar crime was firstly talked by Edwin H. Sutherland who was a criminologist. He defined white collar crime in a presidential meeting of the American Sociological Society. This meeting was held at the state of Philadelphia in December 1939 to 1940s. He defined white collar crime as â€Å"a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation†. (â€Å"Sutherland, 1949:9†). White collar crime includes several of examples such as illegal exploitation of employees, violation, taxes, computer crimes and many more. White collar crime is most characteristically outlined in relation of class attitudes towards those who commit it. Although these offences are penalised by the law but it’s usually considered by the courts and by sections of general public but as much as less guilty crimes are made by individuals there are generally punished by the courts. White collar crime is one of the most dangerous crimes which individuals make profit from couple of hundreds to dollars to millions of dollars and it can be carried out by only one person or a group of people. White collar offenders are normally citizens that come from high social status such as people with degrees in middles class and upper class. If a person is poor there are not most likely to commit crime. This type of crime affects everyone from the communication from business companies. Between white collar crime and street crime there is a massive impact, although white collar criminals often learn to attract less to public attention but the huge public attention attract more depending on an individual and a business. As I mention above people who commit white collar crime are more likely in the middle to upper class societies such as doctors. White collar crime occurs in many forms of ways but this doesn’t involve any physical assault on a person. The occurrences of white collar crime it causes damage to everybody who is in involved in business. A customer will able to be harmed in unplanned events which is recognised as â€Å"organised criminals†, this relates to sales of illegal products. As an overall white collar crime carries brands which are harmful than any other systems of crime. White collar crime is the highest crime to discover or to catch. Individuals that commit white collar crime in the market sections, the media find it difficult to understand because the supervision needs to be updated regularly. White collar consumers have a great deal of expectations by harming the society then other kind of crimes this is because it is â€Å"versatility†. Hazel Croall said in 2008 in the house market there were numerous of people who lost their houses which caused loads of distress in society. Many people suffered but yet white collar crime offenders who made these offences there are normally committed in a large organisations and it makes it more difficult to find these offenders. J Kelly Strader said, the media attends to simply report a minimum of incidents in white collar crime due to having enough evidence been provided. The Deceptive marketing it’s not controlled by the law but it is set as codes and standards which are weakly enforced. The value of prosecuting white collar crime is extremely high for the government to perceive a large percentage of the offenders. Electronic banking is used in the modern which links to street crime offenders, this doesn’t help it becomes worse which the offenders continue to expand to commit in certain areas. As better or worse the government began to feel pressure of the population of the offenders. White collar crime increases the funds in some areas due to crimes been made. I believe that people who are more educated in the late 20s there lean to commit more of white collar crime in technology but as statistics say that the government have has problems to keep up with white collar crime offences in money and technology. Hazel Croall and Edwin Sutherland suggested that white collar crime is still been questioned as from today but it is difficult to figure out how many problems it is causing to society. Most of the studies who study white collar crime argued in 2002 the society blamed the U. S government for the failure which enforced by the law because of the fraud offences which was committed by the street crimes. Business fraud is the most common fraud as day to day in business setting in street crimes in poor communities. As a business fraud in U. S white collar crime cost them a billions of dollars per year but as any other fraud or crimes it cost the U. S organisation a least many then billion as annually. As an average business organisation have lost a lot of millions per a year this is due to employees committing they’re own employees as frauds. Men are twice more likely to commit then women in white collar crime for example 85% of men as mangers cause more fraud in a daily then women as employees but there different types of frauds in society which are been committed by men and these are insurance fraud. An individual making a false claim to insurance companies this links into personal injury and property damage. By this way people earn more money in other words being selfish and greedy. Insurance frauds include things like compasentation claims in accidents and many more. As a insurance fraud the cost as per a year in today world it cost them the twice in the lasr century for example million billions of dollars as annually in yealy. Another common fraud is arson where as a person to a youngster start a fire on a building such as their own business to claim insurance money but in this situation people claim fraud to lie to earn more money for they own business. Credit fraud is the other common fraud committed by white collar crime, a he or she as stolen someone else is credit card by using there information. Credit card fraud causes a million of lost per year. Hazel Croal, in the U. S credit card fraud is the most common fraud a least three quarters of credit fraud has been reported of white collar crime. Why is white collar crime the most dangerous type of crime? Edwin Sutherland implied that white collar crime is most likely to suave and less fourth right but less criminals (white collar crime: the uncut version 1983). The uncut verison 1983 in white collar crime, Sutherland theory at that time was one of the best theories because it concered all types of crime. As statistics white collar crime was never included this was because his theory didn’t support the fact on upper class or business on men weather there commits more crime then women. Sutherland provided four types of evidence which supported his theory and these are personal document, diffusion of illegal practice, isolation and social disograntons. Federal Bureau, believed that white collar crime became a very large of problem to everyone, he said it was punished by the law. He said the law had no control on the hard crime as the crime got out of hand or convicted in the streets. He said it has caused effects on different people lives. Society suggested the government may have took this serious but won’t doing the job enough has it became more serious and treated communities to suffer more. Quinney (1973) outlined two denfititos of white collar cime, occupational and coporate. Occupational crime is committed by a person in occupation. Whereas corporate crime is committed by the corpatrions as a whole the crime is planned and committed for the corporation finaical gain. Reference Joyce P, Criminal justice, an introduction to crime and the criminal justice system, USA and Canada, 2006 HG, org, Global Legal Resources, assessed date 28th April 2013 http://www. hg. org/white-collar-crime. html Strander, Kelly, J Undestanding white collar crime assessed date 28th April 2013 http://www. lexisnexis. com/lawschool/study/understanding/pdf/WhiteCollarCh1. pdf Croal H, Understanding white collar crime assessed date 28th April 2013 https://www. mcgraw-hill. co. uk/openup/chapters/0335204279. pdf

Chooks to Go Marketing Plan Essay

Executive Summary Chooks to Go oven roasted chicken is the trade name under Bounty Agro Ventures Inc. a conglomerate of the Bounty Fresh Group of Companies with more than 1,100 rotisserie outlets nationwide, is aiming to increase its sales in the province of Misamiz Occidental by 10% this year. The company is outsourcing its workforce in the ir Chooks to Go outlets so that the company will be hands off in any legal claims. However, they still assure that the Chooks to Go crews will have the wages and benefits they deserve . The company is also abiding the National Building Code of the Phillipines in building their Chooks to Go stores. This is to ensure the safety of the public. The Bounty group is rapidly expanding its Chooks to Go stores nationwide . This is due to the confidence they have gain in the economy as it had achieved 7.3% economic growth last 2010 and expected to be better this year. Denizens nowadays are more into healthy living that’s why the Bounty Group ensures that Chooks to Go provides the customers a guaranteed safe, cl ean and a high standard preparation for chicken and when it comes to technological advantage the company continuously invest in Research and Development to be able to cater the consuming public the best service and product s they deserve. The company also uses various technologies in preparing its products and high end chemicals in cleaning its equipment. On the side of the micro-environment, it has been noted that the population of the province had increased from 91,410 to 112,650 from years 1995 to 2007 b ase on the statistical data presented by NSO on their website as of July 2011. This significantly means that the potential customers of Chooks to Go is also increasing. On the other hand base on that data given, Class A potential customers are in 20.75%, C lass B are in 18.74%, Class C potential customers are in 28.67% and the Class D are in 31.84%. The competitors of Chooks to Go roasted chicken in the province are Sr. Pedro Lechon Manok, Ogis Lechon Manok, Botoy’s Lechon Manok and other local roasted chicken operators. The competitions forces in the province are in moderate level. The strength of the company is that they manufacture their own products, they operate their own broiler farms, feed mills and processing plants thus they have the sufficient supply for the increasing demand of the public. There is a good opportunity now for the company of having a product line that would be infused with essential vitamins and nutrients because people loves to eat healthy foods, thus making chicken healthier will boosts sales for the company. However on the other hand, the company is not free from any threat of poultry diseases like Bird Flu that cause to disable the industry’s operation and making sales to rapidly decline. The Chooks to Go roasted chicken is pri ced at P 149, 155, and 165 pesos depending on the sizes. Available sizes are Regular size, Bigtime size and Supersize which comes in three different flavors, Sweet Roast, Hot and Spicy, and Pepper Roast. All this roasted chicken are available in all Chooks to Go rotisserie stores. Chooks to Go will be advertise on FM radio stations here in Ozamiz City and will run for a year. Chooks to Go will also engage in Community Development activities here in the province to encourage youth to engage in sports rather than in illegal activities. Chooks to Go will be continuously differentiated from its competitors to be the only oven roasted chicken na â€Å" Masarap Kahit Walang Sauce†. And because of all the efforts in marketing Chooks to Go , it will contribute a 10% increase in the company’s sales this year. Aside from that Chooks to Go will be popular not only as oven roasted chicken that is delicious even without sauce but as a brand that participated in society where it operates. II. Marketing Goal Chooks to go is the only ORC that position itself to be the only roasted chicken na â€Å"Masarap Kahit Walang sauce†. Chooks to Go that invades the country by storm last 2008 and now have more than 1,100 outlets nationwide is now aiming to increase its sales and market share in Misamis Occidental by 10% this year. III. Environmental Scanning PEST Analysis Political and Legal Environment The rotisserie crew of chooks to go is under an agency which is the one responsible for their wages and benefits, however Bounty fresh ensures that the outlets workforce get the wages and benefits they deserve. E.g Minimum wage pe r region Bounty Fresh also ensures that every Chooks to Go outlets abides the National Building Code of the Philippines which is the policy of the state to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of environment al management and control; and to this end, make it the purpose of this Code to provide for all buildings and structured, a framework of minimum standards and requirements by guiding, regulating, and controlling their location, siting, design, quality of m aterials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance, including their environment, utilities, fixtures, equipment, and mechanical electrical, and other systems and installations. Economic Factors We can say that the economy of the Philippines now is doing well because of its achieved 7.3% economic growth last 2010, that is why the Philippines seeks to attract more foreign investment and enable the long underperforming economy to catch up with its fast-developing Asian neighbors. And this becomes a go od opportunity for Bounty Fresh to invest more in expanding the Chooks to GO stores in the country by putting a store in almost every city of the country. Aside from that it is no lie that Chooks to Go creates more employment having more than 1,100 outlets across the country. Social and Cultural Environment Filipinos were undeniably chicken lover, they crave for chicken, and Chooks to Go answer this cravings by providing Filipino’s a delicious oven roasted chicken na â€Å" masarap kahit walang sauce† There is also no doubt that people nowadays is more conscious with their health. A safe and clean preparation for food is a big factor that’s why Chooks to Go ensures that it provides the customer a safe, clean, guaranteed fresh, and a high standard preparation for chicken. Technological Factor Chooks to Go continuously invest in R and D to innovate its product, aside from roasted chicken they create value added products that are available also in the rotisserie outlet. They used various technologies t o ensure that the products quality will be maintained such as using meat thermometer and timer to ensure that the Chooks to Go chicken will be cooked in such manner that will be loved by many Filipinos. Using warmer to maintain the products hotness, using high end chemicals in cleaning the products used equipment’s.

Critical Path Analysis

Critical Path Analysis INTRODUCTION: Planning, Scheduling and Controlling are three important functions of management. Planning involves the formulation of objectives and goals that are subsequently translated into Specific plans and projects. Scheduling is concerned about the implementation of activities necessary to achieve the laid down plans. The function of control is to institute a mechanism that can trigger a warning signal if actual performance is deviating (in terms of time, cost and some other measures of effectiveness) from the plan.If such a deviation is unacceptable to the concerned manager, he will be required to take corrective action to bring performance in conformity with the plans. The PERT and CPM models are extremely useful for the purpose of planning, scheduling and controlling the progress and completion of large and complex projects or for carrying out the analysis of these three managerial functions. Before we describe the basic concepts used in the constructi on and analysis of these models, let us first understand the meaning of a project. What is a project?A project can be defined as a set of large number of activities or jobs that are performed in a certain sequence determined logically or technologically and it has to be completed within (i) a specified time, (ii) a specified cost and (iii) meeting the performance standards. Examples of a project from fairly diverse fields are given below: 1. Introducing a new product in the market. 2. Construction of a new bridge over a river or construction of a 25 storied building, 3. Executing a large and complex order on jobbing production. 4. Sending a spacecraft to the mars. GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF PERT/CPMA network is a graphical representation of a project, depicting the flow as well as the sequence of well-defined activities and events. Developed during the 1950s, both CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) are network techniques/models. The network app roach helps project managers in planning, Scheduling and controlling. As a planning tool it helps the manager to estimate the requirements of resources viz. , materials, equipment, manpower, cost and time for each activity or tasks of the project. This approach cannot make decisions by its own.It only provide additional information to executives to facilitate decision making process. Also it does not provide solution to every management problem. It certainly helps in identification of those activities, jobs or events which control the completion of the project. The working methodology of critical path analysis (CPA) which includes both CPM and PERT, consists of following five steps: 1. Analyse and break down the project in terms of specific activities and/ or events. 2. Determine the interdependence and sequence of specific activities and prepare a net work. . Assign estimates of time, cost or both to all the activities of the network. 4. Identify the longest or critical path throug h the network. 5. Monitor, evaluate and control the progress of the project by replanning, rescheduling and reassignment of resources. The central task in the control aspect of these models is to identify the longest path through the network. The longest path is the critical path because it equals the minimum time required to complete the project. All other paths other than the critical path (i. e. o critical or slack paths) offer flexibility in scheduling and transferring resources, because they take less time to complete than the critical path. ADVANTAGES OF CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS There are a number of advantages in using critical path analysis. 1. It allows for a comprehensive view of the entire project. Because of the sequential and concurrent relationships, time scheduling becomes very effective. Identifying the critical activities keeps the executive alert and in a state of preparedness, with alternative plans ready in case these are needed.Breaking down the project into small er components permits better and closer control. 2. Critical path analysis offers economical and effective system of control based on the principle of management by exception i. e. need for corrective action arises only in exceptional situations and in most of other cases, performance is in conformity with the plans. 3. It is a dynamic tool of management which calls for constant review, a reformulation of the network, and finding the current path of relevance and optimum resources allocation.FUNDAMENTALS OF A CPA NETWORK ( Activity An activity is any portion of a project which consumes time or resources and has a definable beginning and ending. For example, â€Å"laying of pipe† is an activity requiring the use of resource mainly effort. Activity may involve labour, paper work, contractual negotiations, machinery operations, etc. Commonly used terms synonymous with â€Å"activity† are â€Å"task† and â€Å"job†. Figure 1 and 2 Activities are graphically r epresented by arrows, usually with description and time estimates written along the arrows.The tail of the arrow portraying an activity represents the starting point of the activity and its head represents its completion. The arrow may be straight slanting, or bent but not broken (see figure-1). The arrow is not a vector and need not be drawn to scale. ( Events The beginning and ending points of an activity or a group of activities are called events. Synonyms of an event are â€Å"node† and â€Å"connectors† An event is often represented graphically by a numbered circle (see figure-2), although any geometric figure such as square, oval, rectangle etc. will serve the purpose.We shall, however, stick to the most commonly used convention for representing an event viz, the circle. A few examples of events are as follows : (i) Material procured, (ii) Design completed, (iii) Project started, (iv) Bricks laid, etc. All activities in a network must commence from some event. Su ch events are called the tail events because they are connected to the tail of an activity. These are shown in figure 3. Similarly, all activities in a network must have terminal points called the head event because it is at the head of an activity. These are shown in figure-4.Figure-5 depicts tail and head events connected by arrows representing activities i. e. it depicts the dual role of an event. Event 14 is the head event for one activity and tail event for another. In a network, symbol â€Å"i† is used for the tail event (also called preceding event) and â€Å"j† for the head event (or succeeding event) of an activity. The activity, then being I-j. If an event represents the joint completion of more than one activity, it is called a merge event. If an event represents the joint initiation of more than one activity, it is called a burst event.A network is, then, a graphical representation of a project plan, showing the inter-relationship of the various activities. Networks are also called arrow diagrams (see figure – 6). When the results of time estimates and computations have been added to a network, it may be used as a project schedule. Conventions adopted in drawing networks: There are two conventions normally adopted while drawing networks. In the early stages of network drawing, it is suggested that the conventions should be respected until sufficient experience has been gained to justify dropping them.These conventions are: a) Time flows from left to right. b) Head events always have a number higher than that of the tail events. The above stated conventions allow activities to be referred uniquely by their tail and head event numbers, so that â€Å"activity 3-4† means only â€Å"the activity which starts from event 3 proceeds to event 4†; it cannot mean â€Å"the activity which starts from event 4 and finishes event 3†. Graphical representation of events and activities: Events are represents by numbers withi n circles. Activities are represented by arrows, the arrow-heads represent the completion of the activities.The length and orientation of the arrow are of no significance whatsoever (chosen only for the convenience of drawing). The activity of leaving place A and walking to place B can equally well be represented by figure-7. Fundamental properties governing the representation of events and activities: The representation of events and activities is governed by one simple dependency rule which requires that an activity which depends upon another activity is shown to emerge from the head event of the activity upon which it depends and that only dependent activities are drawn in this way.Thus, if activity B depends upon activity A, then the two activities are drawn in figure-8. Figure 7 AB 1. An event cannot occur until all activities leading to it are complete. 2. No activity can start until its tail event in reached. The above two properties can be combined into a single one, namely that â€Å"no activity may start until all previous activity in the same chain are completed. Logical sequencing are connection of activities; A project entails several activities. The arrows are arranged to show the plan of logical sequence in which the activities of the project are to be accomplished.The sequence is ascertained for each activity by answering the following three quires viz: (i)Which activity or activities must be completed before the start of a particular activity ? (ii) Which activity or activities should follow this? (iii) Which activities can be accomplished simultaneously? The activity or activities which immediately come before another activity without any intervening activities are called predecessor activities to that activity. The activities which follow another activity without any intervening activities are called successor activities to that activity.In a project of laying a pipe line, the three activities involved may be trenching, laying pipe and weld ing pipe. To decide the logical connection between these three activities necessary that they be carried out in series, the reasoning being that the pipe cannot be laid until trenching has been done and welding cannot be undertaken until the pipe has been laid. This way we decide the logical sequencing between different activities. Errors in logical sequencing: Two types of errors in logic may arise while drawing a network, particularly when it is a complicated one. These are known as looping dangling. 1)Looping: Normally in a network, the arrow points from left to right. This convention is to be strictly adhered, as this would avoid illogical looping, as shown wrongly below : (2)Dangling: The situation represented by the following diagram is also at fault, since the activity represented by the dangling arrow 9-11 is undertaken with no result. A To overcome the problem arising due to dangling arrows, following rules may be adopted. (i) All events, except the first and the last, must have at least one activity entering and one activity leaving them, ii) All activities must start and finish with an event. (3)Duplicate activities: Consider the following figure 11: A XY B Figure 11 In the above figure, activities A and B may be called duplicate activities because they have same head event (i. e. 6) and the same tail event (i. e. 7). One remedy for such a situation is the introduction of a dummy activity (4) Dummy activity: It is a hypothetical activity which consumes no resource and time. It is represented by dotted lines and is inserted in the network to clarify activity pattern under the following situations: ) It is created to make activities with common starting and finishing events distinguishable. ii) To identify and maintain the proper precedence relationship between activities that are not connected by events. iii) To bring all â€Å"loose ends† to a single initial and a single terminal event in each network using dummies, if necessary. For example, problem of duplicate activities in the figure-11 above may be circumvented as shown in figure-12. A XY B Figure 12 Figure – 13 shows three cases for the following set of dependency relationships: Activity C is dependent upon both A and B.Activity D is dependent upon A alone. BC AC A DD BA C B AD The first portrayal (on top left of figure-13) is clearly wrong since it shows D as dependent upon not only A but also B which is not desired. The other portrayal (ii) is also wrong since A is being shown twice and thus contravenes the fundamental axiom of network that three must be one arrow for each activity. The way out to this dilemma is the representation by means of the dummy activity. In the third portrayal of figure -13, C is dependent upon both A and B (via dummy) whereas D is dependent upon just A.Numbering the events: The event numbers in a network should in some respect reflect their logical sequences. When a complicated network has been drawn then the problem of assignin g numbers to the events involved in the network arises. A rule devised by D. R. Fulkerson, involving the following steps may be followed to resolve the problem numbering the events. i) An â€Å"initial† event is one which has arrow/arrows coming out of it and none of the arrow entering it. In a network there will be only one such event. Call it â€Å"1†. (ii) Delete all arrows coming out from the event 1. This will give us at least one more â€Å"initial event†. i) Number these events as â€Å"2, 3†¦. † (iv) Delete all emerging arrows from these numbered events which will create new initial events. Then follow step (iii). (v) Continue the above steps till last event is obtained which has no arrows coming out of it. Consider the numbering of events in the following figure. Figure 14 F AFA BG B CH CG AF AF BG BG CH CH AF AF BG BG CH CH Figure 15 Here we proceed from left to right. The event with least x- co-ordinate is assigned the smallest integer, sa y 1. other events are assigned progressively higher integers with regard to x-co-ordinate.If two or more events (4 and 5 above) have the same x-co-ordinate, the one towards arrow should have higher number. Further, it is not necessary, and in fact also not desirable to number the events consecutively. It would be a better scheme to number the events as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 in the above diagram instead of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. This affords insertion of more activities and events omitted by oversight or having become necessary in view of certain logic revisions. It was mentioned earlier that it is desirable that all the activity arrows point from left to right. If the arrow is vertical it may point downwards or upwards.For the sake of preventability it is to be recommended that activities emanating from one event or converging to another may make as great angles between themselves as possible. A few more conventions are given below: (i) Keep the arrow to the extreme right. (ii) A s far as possible avoid drawing arrows that cross each other. Usually by suitable ‘stretching’ the network diagram it is possible to avoid this. (iii) Where, however, crossing is unavoidable, bridging may be done. This applies to dummies as well. Draw boldly a big network. Smaller ones are confusing. Use of pencil and rubber is recommended.Exercise: Depict the following dependency relationships by means of network diagrams. The Alphabets stand for activities. 1. A & B control F; B and C control G. 2. A & B control F; B Controls G while C controls G and H. 3. A controls F and G; B controls G; while C controls G and H. 4. A controls F and G; B and C control G with H depending upon C. 5. F & G are controlled by A, G and H are controlled by B with H controlled by B and C. 6. A controls F, G and H; B controls G and H with H controlled by C. Answer: The required networks are given in figure -15 Exercise: Find out the superfluous (unnecessary) dummy activities in the network b elow. BEH C AF G D Figure 16 JKL M FG AB CDE H M IK Figure 14 Basic steps involved in drawing a CPM/PERT network : Network is defined as a diagram representing the activities and events of a project, their sequence and inter-relationships. The basic steps involved in drawing a network are: i) Breaking up of the entire project into smaller systems known as tasks. ii) For each tack ascertain the activities and events to be performed. iii) For each activity determine the preceding and succeeding activities. iv) For each activity determine or estimate the time and other resources needed. v) Draw a network depicting the assembly of tasks into a project.Network Construction Problem 1 The activities involved in the computer installation process are detailed below. You are required to draw the network. ActivityPredecessor Activities A. Physical preparationnone B. Organizational planningnone C. Personal SelectionB D. Equipment InstallationA E. Personal TrainingC F. Detailed systems designC G . File ConversionF H. Establish standards and controlsF I. Programme preparationH J. Programme TestingI K. Parallel operationsD, E, G, J. L. Finalize systems documentationI M. Follow upK, L B< C (ii) AA None < A None < B B B D C D A A < D (iii)C

Space Travel

SPACE TRAVEL 1. Only three nations have successfully put people into space: the US, Russia and China. All have been government programmes, developed at great expense. Now, a new era is beginning in which private enterprise will take people 100km or more above the Earth. _________________ 2. In 2001, an American, Christ Tito, became the first space tourist. He travelled to the International Space Station by Rocket and stayed there for ten days. A year later South African Millionaire, Mark Shuttleworth, went on the same trip. When he returned to earth he said, â€Å"Every second will be with me for the rest of my life†.Both men paid $20 million for their holidays. _________________ 3. The company that organised their trips is called Space Adventures. Its president, Eric Anderson, thinks space tourism will be the next big thing. â€Å"Everyone is looking for a new experience,† he says. In a few years he is going to start selling rocket trips to the public for about $ 100. 000. _________________ 4. Another company, The Space Island Group, is planning to build a circular hotel in space like the spaceship in the famous film 2001: A Space Odyssey. It will have everything a normal hotel has, except that the bedrooms won’t have windows.This is because the hotel will revolve, in other words it will turn around itself and people will feel sick if they look out of a window. Instead there will be screens showing pictures from space. Gene Myers, the company’s president, thinks that in 2020 a five-day holiday at the hotel might cost only $25,000. _________________ 5. Other companies have even bigger plans. Bigelow Aerospace is spending $500 million on a plan to build a 700-metre spaceship to fly tourists to the moon. There will be 100 tourists on each trip and each person will have a private room with a view of the Earth’s sunset.The Hilton Hotel Group has even talked about building a hotel on the moon. 6. Built by Burt Rutan and financed by Paul Allen, SpaceShipOne has entered the history books to become the first private manned spacecraft to fly to the edge of space and back. Mike Melvill became the first civilian to pilot a craft into space. Steve Bennett, chief of the British civilian space project, Starchaser Industries, said it was an important achievement. It finally came back to Earth after its 90-minute flight. Messages of congratulations came from Nasa's administrator Sean O'Keefe.He said that this just proves that you don't have to be Nasa or a government organisation. At the moment only millionaires can go on holiday in space. However one day you might be able to go there yourself- and it could be sooner than you think. (Taken and Adapted from Face to Face & http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/science/nature/3811881. stm) I) Read the article about Space Travel above and match headings a-e to paragraphs 2-5. a) Space hotelsParagraph:_______________ b) Going to the moon Paragraph:_______________ c) The future of to urismParagraph:_______________ ) The first space touristsParagraph:_______________ II) Read the article again and answer the questions. 1) Who were the first space tourists? _______________________________________________ 2) Did these space tourists enjoy their journey? How do you know? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Eric Anderson thinks that space travel will be popular because ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ) The Space Island Group will not have any windows in their hotel because _______________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5) Which two companies have bigger plans in comparison to The Space Island Group? What are their plans? a. ________________________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________ ______________________________ 6) History books talk about SpaceShipOne as the spacecraft which ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ) According to Sean O'Keefe the success of SpaceShipOne proves that ___________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8) Find these numbers in the article, what do they refer to? a. $20 million; ______________________________ b. $100,000; ________________________________ c. $25,000; _________________________________ d. $500 million; _____________________________ e. 90; _____________________________________ 9) Find the following words in the article, what do they refer to? a. In para 2, line 3 â€Å"same trip† refers to; _____________ b.In para 6, line 3 â€Å"it† refers to; ______________ c. In para 6, line 4 â€Å"its† refers to; ______________ 10) What does the word â€Å"achievement† in para 6 line 4 mean? _________ __________________________________________________________________ ANSWER KEY: Part I: Space hotelsParagraph:_____4_________ Going to the moon Paragraph:______5________ The future of tourismParagraph:_______3_______ The first space touristsParagraph:_______2_______ Part II: 1) an American, Christ Tito and South African Millionaire, Mark Shuttleworth 2) Yes, they enjoyed their trips.For instance, when Mark Shuttleworth returned to earth he said, â€Å"Every second will be with me for the rest of my life†. 3) because everyone is looking for a new experience. 4) because the hotel will revolve, in other words it will turn around itself and people will feel sick if they look out of a window. 5) a) Bigelow Aerospace is spending $500 million on a plan to build a 700-metre spaceship to fly tourists to the moon. b) The Hilton Hotel Group has even talked about building a hotel on the moon. 6) flew to the edge of space and back. ) this just proves that you don't have to be Nasa or a gov ernment organisation to go to space. 8) a) the money that the first space tourists paid for their holidays b) the price of rocket trips c) the possible cost of a five-day holiday at the hotel in 2020 d) the money that Bigelow Aerospace is spending on a plan to build a 700-metre spaceship to fly tourists to the moon e) the length of the flight of SpaceShipOne to the edge of space and back 9) a) travelling to the International Space Station b) SpaceShipOne’s flight to the edge of space and back c) SpaceShipOne’s 10) success

Black holes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black holes - Research Paper Example 1). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has explicitly disclosed that black holes happen when stars die and create a void or place in space where gravity allegedly is so strong that everything it comes into contact with is pulled in – even light (NASA, 2008). The current discourse hereby aims to present crucial information about black holes and the scientific theories behind them. The term black hole was reportedly coined by John Wheeler, noted to be a Princeton physicist, in 1967 (NASA, 2013). It was commendable for Hawking to aver that the theory behind black holes had originated way back 200 years ago through a paper allegedly written in 1783 by John Michelle from Cambridge who documented ‘black stars’ in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Hawking, n.d.). The description of the observation was analogous to how black holes are described in contemporary times, to wit: â€Å"a star that was sufficiently massive and compact, would have such a strong gravitational field that light could not escape. Any light emitted from the surface of the star, would be dragged back by the stars gravitational attraction, before it could get very far. Michell suggested that there might be a large number of stars like this† (Hawking, n.d., par. 3). Another scientist whose name emerged as one of the pioneers in the study of black holes was a French scientist who was identified by Hawkin as Marquis de La~plass (Hawking, n.d.). However, only when Einstein allegedly came out with his famous General Theory of Relativity was the possibility of black holes actually confirmed. As expressly indicated, according to Einstein’s theory, â€Å"when a massive star dies, it leaves behind a small, dense remnant core. If the cores mass is more than about three times the mass of the Sun, the equations showed, the force of gravity overwhelms all other forces and produces a black hole† (NASA, 2013,

Income inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Income inequality - Essay Example The rich tend to earn more income than the poor, and so more wealth seems to fall majorly in the hands of a few rich people while the majority earn very little. One’s earnings depend on several factors such as the demand and supply for the person’s skills. As the factors influence wages, they end up affecting the distribution of a country’s income. With income inequality, the rich tend to earn higher income while the poor earn low incomes. That differentiates the poor from the rich. Such inequality has several impacts on the economy and the population. To measure inequality, economists use some measures. Through one such measure, they compare household incomes through surveys. The process involves a comparison of the sources of income and the consumption patterns of the households that participate in the survey. To rank individuals in accordance to per capita income for each household, economists subtract direct taxes from the total income for the household. They then divide the amount by the number of individuals in the household. The calculation and the ranking give the Gini coefficient. The Gini coefficient is a method applicable to the measurement of inequality. The Gini coefficient has a range of 0 to 100 whereby 0 represents a period when everyone has the same income (Milanovic, 2011 p.7). The income inequality in a country would generally range between 25 and 60 in the Gini range. In the assessment of income inequality, household surveys come out as the best instruments. However, they have some drawbacks. At times, the rich may refuse to participate in interviews or at times they may understate their incomes. Another useful measure of income inequality is the Lorenz curve. With this measure, economists seek to determine how cumulative percentage of households links to cumulative percentage of income (Mankiw and Taylor, 2014 p.386). By plotting the cumulative percentage of income against